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Causal Inference: Front-Door Criterion in Causal DAGs When Backdoor Adjustment Fails

Causal inference is about answering “what would happen if we intervened?” rather than simply describing patterns. In business and science, this distinction matters because...

Understanding R² in Regression Analysis: A Key Metric for Model Fit

In the field of data analytics, regression analysis helps reveal how independent variables influence a dependent one. Central to this is the coefficient of...

Alternating Least Squares (ALS) for Collaborative Filtering and Matrix Factorisation

Recommendation systems often need to predict what a user will like next—movies, products, courses, or articles—based on historical behaviour. Collaborative filtering is one of...